I have a new post up at the ChicagoBoyz on the inability of our education system to sort the wheat from the chaff.
One of the more knowledgeable commenters or contributors over there is probably going to poke me in the eye with a sharp stick for saying something stupid, but I'd like to flatter myself that the models I construct to try to make sense of the world have some merit.
Wednesday, January 30, 2008
Tuesday, January 29, 2008
Juan Trippe's Globe
The particularly-well-informed (perhaps the too-well-informed) may recall that I have a fascination with Juan Trippe's globe.
The globe was an heirloom, dating to the 1840s, of the Trippe family. Juan Trippe literally used pieces of string, representing the ranges of Pan Am's early flying boats, held against this globe to plot Pan Am's routes in the early years. The globe was iconic of the adventure and excitement of Pan Am, being used eventually as their trademark logo.
I had been wondering what happened to the globe. I found a photo somewhere (and now I can't find it again) that showed the globe in a Pan Am historical exhibit in New York in the 1950s, but for a while I couldn't find out exactly what happened to it.
Luckily for everyone, however, the globe is now very much located. The Smithsonian Institution has just opened a new exhibit at the main Air and Space Museum called "America by Air". And Juan Trippe's globe is one of the central features of the new exhibit.
The exhibit has a pretty nice web site, and there is also this article, concentrating on Juan Trippe and the globe. The article says that the globe in the 2004 movie "The Aviator" (about Howard Hughes) featured Juan Trippe's actual globe being studied and measured with the little bits of string by Alec Baldwin. I had previously written that I thought the globe featured in "The Aviator" was too small. I was astonished to read that it was Juan Trippe's actual globe. Apparently photos of the globe with Juan Trippe (such as the one above) distorted the perspective somewhat, making the globe look larger than it really is, and also apparently Alec Baldwin is also a lot larger than Juan Trippe.
I believe there is also a presentation at the museum coming up this spring on the conservation of the globe. I'm going to try very hard to show up for that.
The globe was an heirloom, dating to the 1840s, of the Trippe family. Juan Trippe literally used pieces of string, representing the ranges of Pan Am's early flying boats, held against this globe to plot Pan Am's routes in the early years. The globe was iconic of the adventure and excitement of Pan Am, being used eventually as their trademark logo.
I had been wondering what happened to the globe. I found a photo somewhere (and now I can't find it again) that showed the globe in a Pan Am historical exhibit in New York in the 1950s, but for a while I couldn't find out exactly what happened to it.
Luckily for everyone, however, the globe is now very much located. The Smithsonian Institution has just opened a new exhibit at the main Air and Space Museum called "America by Air". And Juan Trippe's globe is one of the central features of the new exhibit.
The exhibit has a pretty nice web site, and there is also this article, concentrating on Juan Trippe and the globe. The article says that the globe in the 2004 movie "The Aviator" (about Howard Hughes) featured Juan Trippe's actual globe being studied and measured with the little bits of string by Alec Baldwin. I had previously written that I thought the globe featured in "The Aviator" was too small. I was astonished to read that it was Juan Trippe's actual globe. Apparently photos of the globe with Juan Trippe (such as the one above) distorted the perspective somewhat, making the globe look larger than it really is, and also apparently Alec Baldwin is also a lot larger than Juan Trippe.
I believe there is also a presentation at the museum coming up this spring on the conservation of the globe. I'm going to try very hard to show up for that.
Testability and Evolution
This is a great site depicting how Evolutionary Biology can be Science, and not just Natural History.
Not that Natural History is a bad thing. Rutheford famously said that all science is either physics or stamp collecting. He was right, but he was also an egotistical peckerwood. Natural History has its place, and without careful observations, scientific theorizing is just so much mathematical masturbation. See first, theorize afterwards.
Not that Natural History is a bad thing. Rutheford famously said that all science is either physics or stamp collecting. He was right, but he was also an egotistical peckerwood. Natural History has its place, and without careful observations, scientific theorizing is just so much mathematical masturbation. See first, theorize afterwards.
Wednesday, January 23, 2008
Tilting at Windmills
Jim distracted me from my post on Mme. Chiang with this , by the Biomedical Science Director of the Mt. Blanco Fossil Museum, and the comments on the Second Law of Thermodynamics is so egregious, I’ve got to say something.
First, why do I care? Well, I'm a Baptist. If I expect my in-group to be taken seriously on the stage of public discourse, then I'd better clean up the messes of the fringe elements who happen to sit on my side of the fence. Heaven knows I knock on the Left for not doing this. Now to brass tacks.
Albert Einstein was a genius, but he was not a terribly wise man. One of the truly wise things he did say, however, was:
"Make everything as simple as possible, but not simpler."
This is quote is related to the spewings of Creationists in that Creationists often take the college sophomore definition of a very complex term and then run with it in their arguments. We’re about to wade into a deep, deep pool of that BS, so let’s all get on the same page.
First, a matter of definitions. One reason reading science is so dense is that terms are rigidly defined. If you don’t know the precise definition of the term, science writing is so much gibberish to you.
So, what is entropy, at the simplest level? Don’t read on, don’t leave this site yet, just answer the question in your head. Unless you cheated and Googled it, or are an avid amateur, or a trained chemist or physicist, your definition probably had the word “disorder” in it. This is in fact, a useful fiction that I wish high school and college science teachers would dispense with because it gets less useful the more you try to apply that definition of entropy outside the classroom. Let’s look at the actual definition :
Note not one word about disorder. Consider a library with the books on the shelves. Now, take the books off the bottom shelves and scatter them on the floor. The layman would say that the state with the books on the floor has a lot more entropy. In fact, assuming the bottom shelves are close to the floor, the entropy has not increased that much. Now, take all the books off of the floor and burn them in some metal wastebaskets in the room keeping the ashes tidily in the trash cans. The average person would say that the room with the books on the floor was messier, and therefore had more entropy. In fact, the room with the ashes neatly in the cans, but more molecules of gas than solids, and the concomitant raised temperature and gas pressure has the greater entropy. Do not confuse entropy with disorder.
I’m a molecules and atoms guy, though. I tend to prefer explanations that go back to the fundamental physical building blocks of the Universe. When someone says that there are losses in every system, and thermodynamically those losses are called Entropy, my next question is “why?”. So the Statistical Mechanics definition of entropy is a lot more satisfying to me, not to mention that all other definitions can be derived from it, so it is the fundamental definition:
As I said in Ken’s comments the last time this particular bit of nitwittery was brought to my attention:
The way I used to help conceptualize this to undergrads was to ask them to think of driving a railroad spike with a 20 lb sledge. Nice solid hits will get you there in a few strokes. That’s an entropy-free system. Now, take 20 lbs of ball bearings and shoot them at the spike with an air hose. Sure, it’s the same mass and energy hitting the spike, but the bearings can bounce off of each other and cause losses by being in more states than the solid sledgehammer. A lot of energy is not there to do useful work. THAT image is getting closer to the real definition of entropy than is the indiscriminate use of the word “disorder”. Real physical scientists think in terms of models that we visualize in our heads or represent in the symbolic logic of math. We distrust words for just this reason.
Ken also pointed out another logical fallacy in the high school science teacher’s definition of Entropy:
Finally, and this is relevant to this particular post, Angie Schulz (a physicist) weighed in the comments with this anecdote:
Unfortunately, the Young Earth Creationsists are still worrying at the Second Law, and they've thought up a rejoinder for that little bit of logic. Unfortunately it's not a rejoinder that holds any water, so let’s start with the Fisking. Text originating at Mt. Blanco in red.
*The second law of thermodynamics states that all work processes tend towards a greater entropy (disorder/lower energy density) over time. Since the universe is tending towards a greater entropy (expanding over time), all work processes within the universe also tend towards a greater entropy.
Cited from Wikipedia.org.
OK, maybe this guy was working off of an earlier, less precise version of Wikipedia, but I searched the current document and found the phrase “work process” to be absent. It’s also absent in my undergrad P-Chem book, my graduate P-Chem book, and my Statistical Mechanics book. It’s also missing from my memory of my course work. Remember what I said above about scientists being very precise in their definitions of words that laymen use indiscriminately? Well, terminology mistakes like that right off of the bat drop an argument from the level of “scientific” to the level of “the kind of drunken philosophy that college sophomores engage in around 1:00 AM on a Saturday night” in the mind of a trained scientist. Just what exactly is a “work process” anyway? The correct terminology, by the way, is “closed system”.
In layman's terms, the Second Law of Thermodynamics states that in a closed system things always go from a state of order to a state of disorder without exception. Think about a nice orderly child’s bedroom, or any room for that matter. Do nothing and it will “magically” become an absolute mess.
Well, now we switch one of the terms to the correct “closed system”, but we’re still talking about “disorder”. And I don’t think most laymen talk in terms of a “closed system”. Once again, that’s why we rigidly define our terms in science, even more than lawyers do - to avoid the mixing of macroscopic disorder with microscopic entropy in the example of the child’s room. This was exactly why I set up that library example in the introduction.
You must put energy into the system to make it orderly again.
Yes. And?
This is why evolution is impossible. There is no physical law that can account for inanimate objects going from a state of disorder to a state of life. The Second Law of Thermodynamics is a powerful advocate that someone had to create the incredibly sophisticated order we see all around us, Rom 1:20.
That’s a big logical jump. Of course there is no physical law that accounts for the random, spontaneous appearance of life. We’re not at that state of the science yet. Even when we are, I doubt there will be one physical law, rather there will be a complex equation of interplaying forces. But science never allows a Deus ex machina when it runs into a wall, it keeps postulating testable theories. That word testable is important. It does not have to mean controlled experiments, although those are the easiest way to test a theory. In fact, when Darwin first postulated Evolution, some physicists debated its merits as science because of the absence of experimentation. More on that later.
I’ve seen systems go from high to low entropy based only on energy inputs of UV light and random stirring from a mixer. They are called colloidal crystals, and they are made by stirring water, styrene, an initiator and ionic soaps - stirring quite randomly, I might add. They just formed naturally without any intelligent work on my part. But the polymerization process gave off a lot of heat into the fume hood, increasing the entropy of the air / flask / styrene solution system. Within the flask – entropy decreased. Overall in the system of the fume hood? Not so much.
A natural form of colloidal crystallization is what makes opals and mother-of-pearl and gives them their iridescence. This is an example of natural self-assembly, and even in a closed system it does not violate the Second Law – you can get localized pockets of low entropy as long as the overall entropy of the system increases. Opal formation gives off heat, which increases the entropy of the surrounding system, even as entropy decreases in that small domain inside the silica and water matrix.
Evolutionists completely ignore this law and when pressed about it they side step it and say “Well that only applies to a closed system and since the earth receives energy from the sun it is open and not closed.” My own college professor actually said this when I questioned her about evolution vs. the Second Law of Thermodynamics. Indeed, they all say this and quickly change the subject because they know their answer is a non-sequitur. Why is that you ask? The reason is arrived at on two separate accounts.
First, the earth and sun must be considered as being in the universe which is by definition (from a physics standpoint) a closed system. Where then does the universe get this strange ability to defy the Second Law of Thermodynamics? Answer, it doesn’t.
Wrong answer. See my comments on mineral-based self-assembling systems above. Closed systems can have pockets of low entropy. Whirlpools spontaneously arise in chaotic streams by this same mechanism. Second, I don’t hear this argument being made about planets and stars. They, too are pockets of low entropy, but the entropy of the universe is still increasing.
Therefore, things on the earth always go from a state of order to disorder unless work not just energy is applied to reverse the disorder.
I’m not sure what he means by “work”, here. He seems to mean some sort of biological process or human effort. The definition of “work” that is included in the “not available to do work” definition of entropy is the physics definition of a force acting on an object to cause displacement of that object. It’s not in any sense intelligently directed work that seems to be meant here.
This is confusing several different concepts from physics. We have left the arena of the second law entirely when we begin to talk about work in reversing disorder. That’s why I was so pissy about the term “work process” at the beginning.
Second, if we allow the earth/sun relationship to be an open system (as my college professor suggested) then we have to take into consideration the quality of the energy being put to work in the system. Let's go back to our bedroom analogy. If you tell a two year old child to clean up his bedroom and leave him unattended, every mother knows exactly what you will get, an even bigger mess than before.
I think I covered this before, but let me point out once again that this is no longer an argument against evolution based on evolution violating the Second Law. The concession that the Earth is not an open system by virtue of all those solar-generated photons impinging on us takes us away from the central premise that evolution violates the Second Law.
But that’s not all that’s wrong with this line of reasoning. If you don’t count the potential energy losses of things getting knocked off of high shelves, a messy room and a clean one have almost the same thermodynamic entropy. To claim otherwise is a form of anthropomorphism. What we humans see as “order” is not necessarily related to entropy. Take a volume of Shakespeare and print it, but make a word scramble out of every word. It would take a lot of human effort or “work” to make sense of it. However, since the quantity of paper and ink is the same in either addition, the scrambled version and the regular edition have practically the same entropy. By cleaning a room and expending heat and chemical energy in the process, you are actually increasing the entropy in the room.
As you can see it’s not the quantity of the energy but the quality of the work that makes the difference. A two year old child is more than happy to put energy into the room but it’s not the kind that will clean up the mess.
I think I covered this before, too with opal formation. Natural processes can result in localized entropy minima at the expense of the entropy in the total system. Let me also say that it looks to me as if certain carbon structures are strange attractors in the Chaos Theory sense –low energy wells in a sea of higher energy chaos. In that sense, random mixing and chemical bond formation over millions of years will result in self-assembling and eventually self-replicating systems, because once the first protein is made by chance it attracts others to its space. A strange attractor. If you give a planet billions of years to mix and match chemical bond formation, you can postulate a mechanical explanation for life. This theory not proven yet, but it is theoretically (and possibly practically) testable, which Young Earth Creationism is not.
Likewise with the sun. Yes, the sun will put tremendous amounts of energy into the earth. But as any thinking person knows not all sun energy is good energy. Think about what happens when summer rolls around and you go outside on the first hot day of the year with your sleeves rolled up. You get a sun burn. The sun put energy into you all right. However, it was not good energy but destructive energy. The sun actually killed life (the cells in your skin) it did not create life.
All I have to say here is that my pharmacologist friends always tell me that the difference between a medicine and a poison is the dose. Small does of the sun are good for us. Ever heard of vitamin D? This is just piss-poor reasoning. Plants don’t get sunburn. Life had to move through vegetation before it got to us sunburning humans and pigs (AFAIK the only other animal that sunburns).
Yes, without the sun we would not live long. We need its energy to have life. But, it takes highly developed systems which are capable of taking advantage of the sun’s energy to utilize any useful work from it. It can’t work any other way. The amount of sun energy that would be necessary to jump start life would kill it before it ever got started.
Huh? Give me the formula to derive the amount of solar energy necessary to “jump-start” life, please. I never got that one in biophysics class.
This is the dilemma that all evolutionists face regarding the origin of life. And they run from it like a scientist fleeing Jurassic Park.
Scientists routinely wrestle with the issue of not being able to observe life at its inception. Evolution in vertebrates is hard to observe because you can not do evolutionary experiments on large-scale animals within a reasonable amount of time. The debate in the 19th century was resolved in favor of evolutionary biology being science – with lots of caveats. Ijits on my side of the aisle such as Dawkins make statements in the lay press they would not make in a scientific journal about having proven religion wrong. Philosophically they are just as wrong as the Young Earth Creationists. But evolution is science because it is testable.
We have to keep in mind that the testability of evolution comes only from either finding new fossil evidence, or from controlled evolutionary experiments on modern organisms. Evolutionary biology has a hard row to hoe because of the difficulty of obtaining evidence. That doesn’t mean we aren’t making progress, it’s just that Creationists demand more proof than the state of the science can give. But if Lavoisier had given up on the root causes of combustion by invoking the hand of God, we’d still be in the 18th century, physics and chemistry-wise. Science progresses, sometimes slowly, but never with a Deus ex machina explanation. As Rand Simberg said:
Finally, I’ve got to Fisk some of the more philosophical ramblings at the top of that page because they betray a fundamental misunderstanding of what science is and what it isn’t. I’m tired of this crap, so I’m only going to point out a few errors.
Believing that the universe started with a big bang and that things evolve from a state of lower order to a state of higher order (which is a flagrant contradiction of the Second Law of Thermodynamics*) can only be believed by faith. In order to be scientific, it must be able to 1. be observed and 2. be repeatable under carefully controlled experiments. The "theory" of evolution regarding origins fails both these qualifications miserably.
I think we’ve beaten that Second Law thing to death, don’t you? Leaving aside that there was no antecedent to “it” in the next sentence, the fundamental tenet of science is “testability” not “repeatability”. The best example of testing a theory that could not be tested by lab experiments was the testing of General Relativity 1919 eclipse:
The Sun did bend light as predicted by Einstein, and General Relativity was generally accepted based on that single observation. Of course, we keep picking at the theory as best we can. When jets and atomic clocks were invented more than a few years after that, we were at last able to measure the miniscule time dilation effect of traveling at a mere 500 mph, which further established the Theory of Relativity. But scientists were willing to provisionally accept the theory based on one observation. Now, of course we are happier when multiple observations can be made, and we’re always trying to poke holes in a theory, but no reasonable physicist much doubted that Relativity was here to stay after the 1919 eclipse.
You can't observe the origins of the universe, the earth, the plant and animal life any more than you can repeat it. Therefore, what you believe about origins, whether you are a creationist or evolutionist can only ever be believed by faith.
Absolutely. Here we agree, but it's a trivial agreement. I can not travel back in time and observe the moment that contains the origin of life. I can’t prove that God didn’t make those little molecules jump into place and start replicating. As a matter of fact, that is something along the lines of what I do believe – except that I’m a bit more of a mathematical Deist and believe that God set up the universe so that life was likely to happen according to Natural Law. But that is not the argument that the folks at Mt. Blanco are making. They jump from that philosophical conundrum that scientific theories can never prove anything, they can only themselves be disproven, to asserting that things that can be disproven – such as a 6000 year age for the Earth – are true.
Science is not the search for Truth, it is the search for truth. Truth with a small “t” within the boundary conditions of testability and knowledge at any given time.
This is where Science and Philosophy / Religion part ways. If Scientists still acted like Philosophers and Theologians wresting with the Big Truths, we’d still be sitting under fig trees in Greek togas and wiping our asses with leaves. Instead, scientists ditched the notion of Truth in favor of truth and bootstrapped mankind into a life that isn’t so brutish, nasty or short. Give me that approach to life any day. And any, I mean any, attempt to undermine that process is the ultimate in barbarism.
As professor Dutch said:
All the fossils that can be dug up can only tell us that we found a fossil and it was in the dirt (or rock as the case may be) and that’s it. Nothing more. It’s a dead animal or plant and it can’t say one word about where it came from or how it got there. Period.
Oh yes it can. Are we tossing out the entire science of forensics here? There are a lot of convicted felons who’d love to use this line of reasoning.
We can interpret, based on any number of factors, such as geology and geography etc., how it got there but that is called interpretation based on evidence.
That is pretty much the definition of science. But if we assert something and claim that assertion is scientific, there must be a way to falsify it.
And interpretations are always subject to your predisposition. That's not to say the evidence is unimportant or that we can't learn anything from the evidence. The point is there is no scientific mechanism to prove how it got there or why it is there.
SCIENCE NEVER @#&%ING PROVES ANYTHING. IT MAKES ASSERTIONS THAT CAN BE DISPROVEN.
First, why do I care? Well, I'm a Baptist. If I expect my in-group to be taken seriously on the stage of public discourse, then I'd better clean up the messes of the fringe elements who happen to sit on my side of the fence. Heaven knows I knock on the Left for not doing this. Now to brass tacks.
Albert Einstein was a genius, but he was not a terribly wise man. One of the truly wise things he did say, however, was:
"Make everything as simple as possible, but not simpler."
This is quote is related to the spewings of Creationists in that Creationists often take the college sophomore definition of a very complex term and then run with it in their arguments. We’re about to wade into a deep, deep pool of that BS, so let’s all get on the same page.
First, a matter of definitions. One reason reading science is so dense is that terms are rigidly defined. If you don’t know the precise definition of the term, science writing is so much gibberish to you.
So, what is entropy, at the simplest level? Don’t read on, don’t leave this site yet, just answer the question in your head. Unless you cheated and Googled it, or are an avid amateur, or a trained chemist or physicist, your definition probably had the word “disorder” in it. This is in fact, a useful fiction that I wish high school and college science teachers would dispense with because it gets less useful the more you try to apply that definition of entropy outside the classroom. Let’s look at the actual definition :
In physics, entropy (from Greek εντροπία "a turning toward," from εν- "in" + τροπή "a turning"), symbolized by S, is a measure of the unavailability of a system’s energy to do work.
Note not one word about disorder. Consider a library with the books on the shelves. Now, take the books off the bottom shelves and scatter them on the floor. The layman would say that the state with the books on the floor has a lot more entropy. In fact, assuming the bottom shelves are close to the floor, the entropy has not increased that much. Now, take all the books off of the floor and burn them in some metal wastebaskets in the room keeping the ashes tidily in the trash cans. The average person would say that the room with the books on the floor was messier, and therefore had more entropy. In fact, the room with the ashes neatly in the cans, but more molecules of gas than solids, and the concomitant raised temperature and gas pressure has the greater entropy. Do not confuse entropy with disorder.
I’m a molecules and atoms guy, though. I tend to prefer explanations that go back to the fundamental physical building blocks of the Universe. When someone says that there are losses in every system, and thermodynamically those losses are called Entropy, my next question is “why?”. So the Statistical Mechanics definition of entropy is a lot more satisfying to me, not to mention that all other definitions can be derived from it, so it is the fundamental definition:
In statistical thermodynamics the entropy is defined as the number of microscopic configurations that result in the observed macroscopic description of the thermodynamic system:
S = kBlnΩ
where kB is Boltzmann's constant 1.38066×10−23 J K−1 and Ω is the number of microstates corresponding to the observed thermodynamic macrostate.
As I said in Ken’s comments the last time this particular bit of nitwittery was brought to my attention:
Entropy is a function of the system's microscopic states, so it's sort of a thermodynamic uncertainty principle: if you clearly define the macroscopic states, there is still some energy left over in the system that can be thought of as the atoms or molecules shifting between possible microscopic energy states. This corresponds to the classical thermodynamic definition of entropy as the heat energy in a system that is not available to do work.
The way I used to help conceptualize this to undergrads was to ask them to think of driving a railroad spike with a 20 lb sledge. Nice solid hits will get you there in a few strokes. That’s an entropy-free system. Now, take 20 lbs of ball bearings and shoot them at the spike with an air hose. Sure, it’s the same mass and energy hitting the spike, but the bearings can bounce off of each other and cause losses by being in more states than the solid sledgehammer. A lot of energy is not there to do useful work. THAT image is getting closer to the real definition of entropy than is the indiscriminate use of the word “disorder”. Real physical scientists think in terms of models that we visualize in our heads or represent in the symbolic logic of math. We distrust words for just this reason.
Ken also pointed out another logical fallacy in the high school science teacher’s definition of Entropy:
"Disorder" (whatever that means) is part of it, but a system with exactly the same temperature throughout, and with any matter uniformly dispersed, is at maximum entropy.
Finally, and this is relevant to this particular post, Angie Schulz (a physicist) weighed in the comments with this anecdote:
One time a colleague of mine was debating a creationist -- not in a formal setting, but just gabbing away. The creationist says, "Ah HA! Evolution says that more complex lifeforms evolve from less complex ones, thereby DECREASING entropy, and that's not allowed. What do you say to that?"
My colleague says, "But entropy MUST increase only in a closed system. The Earth is not a closed system."
Creationist: "What? How do you mean?"
Colleague: "Well, for one thing, it gets energy from the sun..."
Creationist: "A little sunlight shining on it isn't going to do anything!"
And that's where my colleague should've shot him.
Unfortunately, the Young Earth Creationsists are still worrying at the Second Law, and they've thought up a rejoinder for that little bit of logic. Unfortunately it's not a rejoinder that holds any water, so let’s start with the Fisking. Text originating at Mt. Blanco in red.
*The second law of thermodynamics states that all work processes tend towards a greater entropy (disorder/lower energy density) over time. Since the universe is tending towards a greater entropy (expanding over time), all work processes within the universe also tend towards a greater entropy.
Cited from Wikipedia.org.
OK, maybe this guy was working off of an earlier, less precise version of Wikipedia, but I searched the current document and found the phrase “work process” to be absent. It’s also absent in my undergrad P-Chem book, my graduate P-Chem book, and my Statistical Mechanics book. It’s also missing from my memory of my course work. Remember what I said above about scientists being very precise in their definitions of words that laymen use indiscriminately? Well, terminology mistakes like that right off of the bat drop an argument from the level of “scientific” to the level of “the kind of drunken philosophy that college sophomores engage in around 1:00 AM on a Saturday night” in the mind of a trained scientist. Just what exactly is a “work process” anyway? The correct terminology, by the way, is “closed system”.
In layman's terms, the Second Law of Thermodynamics states that in a closed system things always go from a state of order to a state of disorder without exception. Think about a nice orderly child’s bedroom, or any room for that matter. Do nothing and it will “magically” become an absolute mess.
Well, now we switch one of the terms to the correct “closed system”, but we’re still talking about “disorder”. And I don’t think most laymen talk in terms of a “closed system”. Once again, that’s why we rigidly define our terms in science, even more than lawyers do - to avoid the mixing of macroscopic disorder with microscopic entropy in the example of the child’s room. This was exactly why I set up that library example in the introduction.
You must put energy into the system to make it orderly again.
Yes. And?
This is why evolution is impossible. There is no physical law that can account for inanimate objects going from a state of disorder to a state of life. The Second Law of Thermodynamics is a powerful advocate that someone had to create the incredibly sophisticated order we see all around us, Rom 1:20.
That’s a big logical jump. Of course there is no physical law that accounts for the random, spontaneous appearance of life. We’re not at that state of the science yet. Even when we are, I doubt there will be one physical law, rather there will be a complex equation of interplaying forces. But science never allows a Deus ex machina when it runs into a wall, it keeps postulating testable theories. That word testable is important. It does not have to mean controlled experiments, although those are the easiest way to test a theory. In fact, when Darwin first postulated Evolution, some physicists debated its merits as science because of the absence of experimentation. More on that later.
I’ve seen systems go from high to low entropy based only on energy inputs of UV light and random stirring from a mixer. They are called colloidal crystals, and they are made by stirring water, styrene, an initiator and ionic soaps - stirring quite randomly, I might add. They just formed naturally without any intelligent work on my part. But the polymerization process gave off a lot of heat into the fume hood, increasing the entropy of the air / flask / styrene solution system. Within the flask – entropy decreased. Overall in the system of the fume hood? Not so much.
A natural form of colloidal crystallization is what makes opals and mother-of-pearl and gives them their iridescence. This is an example of natural self-assembly, and even in a closed system it does not violate the Second Law – you can get localized pockets of low entropy as long as the overall entropy of the system increases. Opal formation gives off heat, which increases the entropy of the surrounding system, even as entropy decreases in that small domain inside the silica and water matrix.
Evolutionists completely ignore this law and when pressed about it they side step it and say “Well that only applies to a closed system and since the earth receives energy from the sun it is open and not closed.” My own college professor actually said this when I questioned her about evolution vs. the Second Law of Thermodynamics. Indeed, they all say this and quickly change the subject because they know their answer is a non-sequitur. Why is that you ask? The reason is arrived at on two separate accounts.
First, the earth and sun must be considered as being in the universe which is by definition (from a physics standpoint) a closed system. Where then does the universe get this strange ability to defy the Second Law of Thermodynamics? Answer, it doesn’t.
Wrong answer. See my comments on mineral-based self-assembling systems above. Closed systems can have pockets of low entropy. Whirlpools spontaneously arise in chaotic streams by this same mechanism. Second, I don’t hear this argument being made about planets and stars. They, too are pockets of low entropy, but the entropy of the universe is still increasing.
Therefore, things on the earth always go from a state of order to disorder unless work not just energy is applied to reverse the disorder.
I’m not sure what he means by “work”, here. He seems to mean some sort of biological process or human effort. The definition of “work” that is included in the “not available to do work” definition of entropy is the physics definition of a force acting on an object to cause displacement of that object. It’s not in any sense intelligently directed work that seems to be meant here.
This is confusing several different concepts from physics. We have left the arena of the second law entirely when we begin to talk about work in reversing disorder. That’s why I was so pissy about the term “work process” at the beginning.
Second, if we allow the earth/sun relationship to be an open system (as my college professor suggested) then we have to take into consideration the quality of the energy being put to work in the system. Let's go back to our bedroom analogy. If you tell a two year old child to clean up his bedroom and leave him unattended, every mother knows exactly what you will get, an even bigger mess than before.
I think I covered this before, but let me point out once again that this is no longer an argument against evolution based on evolution violating the Second Law. The concession that the Earth is not an open system by virtue of all those solar-generated photons impinging on us takes us away from the central premise that evolution violates the Second Law.
But that’s not all that’s wrong with this line of reasoning. If you don’t count the potential energy losses of things getting knocked off of high shelves, a messy room and a clean one have almost the same thermodynamic entropy. To claim otherwise is a form of anthropomorphism. What we humans see as “order” is not necessarily related to entropy. Take a volume of Shakespeare and print it, but make a word scramble out of every word. It would take a lot of human effort or “work” to make sense of it. However, since the quantity of paper and ink is the same in either addition, the scrambled version and the regular edition have practically the same entropy. By cleaning a room and expending heat and chemical energy in the process, you are actually increasing the entropy in the room.
As you can see it’s not the quantity of the energy but the quality of the work that makes the difference. A two year old child is more than happy to put energy into the room but it’s not the kind that will clean up the mess.
I think I covered this before, too with opal formation. Natural processes can result in localized entropy minima at the expense of the entropy in the total system. Let me also say that it looks to me as if certain carbon structures are strange attractors in the Chaos Theory sense –low energy wells in a sea of higher energy chaos. In that sense, random mixing and chemical bond formation over millions of years will result in self-assembling and eventually self-replicating systems, because once the first protein is made by chance it attracts others to its space. A strange attractor. If you give a planet billions of years to mix and match chemical bond formation, you can postulate a mechanical explanation for life. This theory not proven yet, but it is theoretically (and possibly practically) testable, which Young Earth Creationism is not.
Likewise with the sun. Yes, the sun will put tremendous amounts of energy into the earth. But as any thinking person knows not all sun energy is good energy. Think about what happens when summer rolls around and you go outside on the first hot day of the year with your sleeves rolled up. You get a sun burn. The sun put energy into you all right. However, it was not good energy but destructive energy. The sun actually killed life (the cells in your skin) it did not create life.
All I have to say here is that my pharmacologist friends always tell me that the difference between a medicine and a poison is the dose. Small does of the sun are good for us. Ever heard of vitamin D? This is just piss-poor reasoning. Plants don’t get sunburn. Life had to move through vegetation before it got to us sunburning humans and pigs (AFAIK the only other animal that sunburns).
Yes, without the sun we would not live long. We need its energy to have life. But, it takes highly developed systems which are capable of taking advantage of the sun’s energy to utilize any useful work from it. It can’t work any other way. The amount of sun energy that would be necessary to jump start life would kill it before it ever got started.
Huh? Give me the formula to derive the amount of solar energy necessary to “jump-start” life, please. I never got that one in biophysics class.
This is the dilemma that all evolutionists face regarding the origin of life. And they run from it like a scientist fleeing Jurassic Park.
Scientists routinely wrestle with the issue of not being able to observe life at its inception. Evolution in vertebrates is hard to observe because you can not do evolutionary experiments on large-scale animals within a reasonable amount of time. The debate in the 19th century was resolved in favor of evolutionary biology being science – with lots of caveats. Ijits on my side of the aisle such as Dawkins make statements in the lay press they would not make in a scientific journal about having proven religion wrong. Philosophically they are just as wrong as the Young Earth Creationists. But evolution is science because it is testable.
We have to keep in mind that the testability of evolution comes only from either finding new fossil evidence, or from controlled evolutionary experiments on modern organisms. Evolutionary biology has a hard row to hoe because of the difficulty of obtaining evidence. That doesn’t mean we aren’t making progress, it’s just that Creationists demand more proof than the state of the science can give. But if Lavoisier had given up on the root causes of combustion by invoking the hand of God, we’d still be in the 18th century, physics and chemistry-wise. Science progresses, sometimes slowly, but never with a Deus ex machina explanation. As Rand Simberg said:
You're just frustrated because we won't turn an elephant into an aardvark before your very eyes.
Finally, I’ve got to Fisk some of the more philosophical ramblings at the top of that page because they betray a fundamental misunderstanding of what science is and what it isn’t. I’m tired of this crap, so I’m only going to point out a few errors.
Believing that the universe started with a big bang and that things evolve from a state of lower order to a state of higher order (which is a flagrant contradiction of the Second Law of Thermodynamics*) can only be believed by faith. In order to be scientific, it must be able to 1. be observed and 2. be repeatable under carefully controlled experiments. The "theory" of evolution regarding origins fails both these qualifications miserably.
I think we’ve beaten that Second Law thing to death, don’t you? Leaving aside that there was no antecedent to “it” in the next sentence, the fundamental tenet of science is “testability” not “repeatability”. The best example of testing a theory that could not be tested by lab experiments was the testing of General Relativity 1919 eclipse:
For example, Einstein predicted that a gravitational field should bend rays of light much more than was expected by Newton’s theory of gravity. Although the effect was too small to be observed in the laboratory, Einstein calculated that the immense gravity of the massive sun would deflect a ray of light by 1.75 seconds of arc – less that one thousandth of a degree, but twice as large as the deflection according to Newton, and significant enough to be measured.
The Sun did bend light as predicted by Einstein, and General Relativity was generally accepted based on that single observation. Of course, we keep picking at the theory as best we can. When jets and atomic clocks were invented more than a few years after that, we were at last able to measure the miniscule time dilation effect of traveling at a mere 500 mph, which further established the Theory of Relativity. But scientists were willing to provisionally accept the theory based on one observation. Now, of course we are happier when multiple observations can be made, and we’re always trying to poke holes in a theory, but no reasonable physicist much doubted that Relativity was here to stay after the 1919 eclipse.
You can't observe the origins of the universe, the earth, the plant and animal life any more than you can repeat it. Therefore, what you believe about origins, whether you are a creationist or evolutionist can only ever be believed by faith.
Absolutely. Here we agree, but it's a trivial agreement. I can not travel back in time and observe the moment that contains the origin of life. I can’t prove that God didn’t make those little molecules jump into place and start replicating. As a matter of fact, that is something along the lines of what I do believe – except that I’m a bit more of a mathematical Deist and believe that God set up the universe so that life was likely to happen according to Natural Law. But that is not the argument that the folks at Mt. Blanco are making. They jump from that philosophical conundrum that scientific theories can never prove anything, they can only themselves be disproven, to asserting that things that can be disproven – such as a 6000 year age for the Earth – are true.
Science is not the search for Truth, it is the search for truth. Truth with a small “t” within the boundary conditions of testability and knowledge at any given time.
This is where Science and Philosophy / Religion part ways. If Scientists still acted like Philosophers and Theologians wresting with the Big Truths, we’d still be sitting under fig trees in Greek togas and wiping our asses with leaves. Instead, scientists ditched the notion of Truth in favor of truth and bootstrapped mankind into a life that isn’t so brutish, nasty or short. Give me that approach to life any day. And any, I mean any, attempt to undermine that process is the ultimate in barbarism.
As professor Dutch said:
What is truth? How do we know it when we see it? How can we be sure our interpretation of it is valid? What about rival claims of truth? These are difficult questions, challenging questions, wonderful questions. They tell us a great deal about the limitations of our methods of inquiry. The one thing they cannot do - what I call the Fundamental Fallacy of Philosophy - is tell us anything at all about the nature of reality or the existence of truth. Philosophy since the days of the ancient Greeks has focused on the grand questions and the limitations of what and how we know, and as a result has remained stagnant. Science focused on what can be known and mushroomed.
All the fossils that can be dug up can only tell us that we found a fossil and it was in the dirt (or rock as the case may be) and that’s it. Nothing more. It’s a dead animal or plant and it can’t say one word about where it came from or how it got there. Period.
Oh yes it can. Are we tossing out the entire science of forensics here? There are a lot of convicted felons who’d love to use this line of reasoning.
We can interpret, based on any number of factors, such as geology and geography etc., how it got there but that is called interpretation based on evidence.
That is pretty much the definition of science. But if we assert something and claim that assertion is scientific, there must be a way to falsify it.
And interpretations are always subject to your predisposition. That's not to say the evidence is unimportant or that we can't learn anything from the evidence. The point is there is no scientific mechanism to prove how it got there or why it is there.
SCIENCE NEVER @#&%ING PROVES ANYTHING. IT MAKES ASSERTIONS THAT CAN BE DISPROVEN.
Saturday, January 19, 2008
Don't Get Fooled Again
Working on a couple of longer posts for the Chicago Boyz. One is on the inadequacy of our modern educational and testing system to sort out real thinkers from fakers.
The other was kicked off by this quote from the Zenmaster:
Bhutto was pretty, US educated, and could talk a good game. She was also a Machiavellian politician, corrupt to the core, and managed to completely snow the Eastern elite that fills the State Department, many of whom she went to school with at Harvard.
In thinking about her demise, I was immediately reminded of another attractive, corrupt, Machivellian female power broker who was US educated (speaking with a disarming Southern accent, to boot). She, too talked a great game and was extremely adept at cosying up to the predjudices of the Eastern elite with whom she had extensive school and social ties.
Political infatuation with the older woman had extremely negative consequences for US interests and freedom in general, and I fear our dalliance with Bhutto may result in similar problems.
Will we never learn?
The other was kicked off by this quote from the Zenmaster:
Bhutto was neither as democratic nor as pro-American as her P.R. in the MSM implied and her party’s endemic addiction to corruption helped bring the military to power on numerous occasions in Pakistan’s history. That being said, the death of Benazir Bhutto is a significant destabilizer for a nuclear club nation that perpetually teeters on the brink of state failure.
Bhutto was pretty, US educated, and could talk a good game. She was also a Machiavellian politician, corrupt to the core, and managed to completely snow the Eastern elite that fills the State Department, many of whom she went to school with at Harvard.
In thinking about her demise, I was immediately reminded of another attractive, corrupt, Machivellian female power broker who was US educated (speaking with a disarming Southern accent, to boot). She, too talked a great game and was extremely adept at cosying up to the predjudices of the Eastern elite with whom she had extensive school and social ties.
Political infatuation with the older woman had extremely negative consequences for US interests and freedom in general, and I fear our dalliance with Bhutto may result in similar problems.
Will we never learn?
Thursday, January 10, 2008
Why I don't use Apple products
From Wired: (Talking about development of the iPhone)
Jobs wouldn't wait for the finer points of the deal to be worked out. Around Thanksgiving of 2005, eight months before a final agreement was signed, he instructed his engineers to work full-speed on the project. And if the negotiations with Cingular were hairy, they were simple compared with the engineering and design challenges Apple faced. For starters, there was the question of what operating system to use. Since 2002, when the idea for an Apple phone was first hatched, mobile chips had grown more capable and could theoretically now support some version of the famous Macintosh OS. But it would need to be radically stripped down and rewritten; an iPhone OS should be only a few hundred megabytes, roughly a 10th the size of OS X.
Before they could start designing the iPhone, Jobs and his top executives had to decide how to solve this problem. Engineers looked carefully at Linux, which had already been rewritten for use on mobile phones, but Jobs refused to use someone else's software. They built a prototype of a phone, embedded on an iPod, that used the clickwheel as a dialer, but it could only select and dial numbers — not surf the Net. So, in early 2006, just as Apple engineers were finishing their yearlong effort to revise OS X to work with Intel chips, Apple began the process of rewriting OS X again for the iPhone.
He could have just used Linux and saved himself a lot of effort and expense. There are a number of Linux-based wireless devices VERY similar in functionality and "look and feel" available around the world, all for much less $$$ than the iPhone.
Jobs wouldn't wait for the finer points of the deal to be worked out. Around Thanksgiving of 2005, eight months before a final agreement was signed, he instructed his engineers to work full-speed on the project. And if the negotiations with Cingular were hairy, they were simple compared with the engineering and design challenges Apple faced. For starters, there was the question of what operating system to use. Since 2002, when the idea for an Apple phone was first hatched, mobile chips had grown more capable and could theoretically now support some version of the famous Macintosh OS. But it would need to be radically stripped down and rewritten; an iPhone OS should be only a few hundred megabytes, roughly a 10th the size of OS X.
Before they could start designing the iPhone, Jobs and his top executives had to decide how to solve this problem. Engineers looked carefully at Linux, which had already been rewritten for use on mobile phones, but Jobs refused to use someone else's software. They built a prototype of a phone, embedded on an iPod, that used the clickwheel as a dialer, but it could only select and dial numbers — not surf the Net. So, in early 2006, just as Apple engineers were finishing their yearlong effort to revise OS X to work with Intel chips, Apple began the process of rewriting OS X again for the iPhone.
He could have just used Linux and saved himself a lot of effort and expense. There are a number of Linux-based wireless devices VERY similar in functionality and "look and feel" available around the world, all for much less $$$ than the iPhone.
Wednesday, January 9, 2008
Wireless Hacking
I've very much been on the wireless hacking kick lately. I've been amazed at how a little ingenuity in constructing antennas pays huge dividends in decibels.
This is a "parabolic dish" made from a USB wireless dongle and a $5 colander from Target (plus a couple of wood scraps from Lowe's). It provided a measured 11db gain over the USB dongle plugged into the laptop sitting inside the Alternate HQ.
It wasn't terribly scientific, and I didn't have great hopes for its effectiveness, but it blew away my expectations. I got the idea from a clever site in New Zealand, who reported a 12db gain on their version.
So what do you do with this setup? I'm using it to connect to public, but distant, wireless hotspots. Experimentation has shown that it is possible to detect and connect (at somewhat low data rates) to wireless access points several miles away under the right conditions.
The dish, however, is pretty unwieldy and requires that you zip-tie a colander to the outside of your house (or apartment, trailer, RV, tent, etc.). I wanted something that was a little less obvious.
These are corner reflector antennas made by hacking the simple 2db wires that come with the ubiquitous WRT-54G wireless access point. They were constructed by taking the plastic covers off of the stock WRT-54G antennas and soldering in new elements onto the stubby little stock antennas. This setup gives an estimated 8db gain over the stock antennas.
I then made corner reflectors out of disposible baking pans from the dollar store, and mounted them to the cut-off bottom of a plastic storage jar using 3M double-sided outdoor mounting tape (I LOVE that stuff).
The modified antenna elements were covered with lengths of 1/2 inch black PVC tubing, and the whole assembly was attached directly to a WRT-54G re-flashed with the latest DD-WRT firmware (v24). I normally use OpenWRT, which is a lot more adaptable and extensible, but DD-WRT has as a unique feature: the ability to repeat a wireless signal on a separate virtual subnet.
For example, if the ESSID of the distant network is "linksys" on channel 6, with the v24 version of DD-WRT, you can receive the signal from "linksys" and repeat it, also on channel 6, with a different ESSID, for example "ddwrt". So wireless clients could connect to "ddwrt", which might only be a few feet away, and be automatically routed to "linksys", which might be miles away, depending on the conditions and the antennas connected to the WRT-54.
For my next trick, I'm working on various power sources for the WRT routers, so that the repeater doesn't have to be connected to anything - it can be completely self-contained.
This is a "parabolic dish" made from a USB wireless dongle and a $5 colander from Target (plus a couple of wood scraps from Lowe's). It provided a measured 11db gain over the USB dongle plugged into the laptop sitting inside the Alternate HQ.
It wasn't terribly scientific, and I didn't have great hopes for its effectiveness, but it blew away my expectations. I got the idea from a clever site in New Zealand, who reported a 12db gain on their version.
So what do you do with this setup? I'm using it to connect to public, but distant, wireless hotspots. Experimentation has shown that it is possible to detect and connect (at somewhat low data rates) to wireless access points several miles away under the right conditions.
The dish, however, is pretty unwieldy and requires that you zip-tie a colander to the outside of your house (or apartment, trailer, RV, tent, etc.). I wanted something that was a little less obvious.
These are corner reflector antennas made by hacking the simple 2db wires that come with the ubiquitous WRT-54G wireless access point. They were constructed by taking the plastic covers off of the stock WRT-54G antennas and soldering in new elements onto the stubby little stock antennas. This setup gives an estimated 8db gain over the stock antennas.
I then made corner reflectors out of disposible baking pans from the dollar store, and mounted them to the cut-off bottom of a plastic storage jar using 3M double-sided outdoor mounting tape (I LOVE that stuff).
The modified antenna elements were covered with lengths of 1/2 inch black PVC tubing, and the whole assembly was attached directly to a WRT-54G re-flashed with the latest DD-WRT firmware (v24). I normally use OpenWRT, which is a lot more adaptable and extensible, but DD-WRT has as a unique feature: the ability to repeat a wireless signal on a separate virtual subnet.
For example, if the ESSID of the distant network is "linksys" on channel 6, with the v24 version of DD-WRT, you can receive the signal from "linksys" and repeat it, also on channel 6, with a different ESSID, for example "ddwrt". So wireless clients could connect to "ddwrt", which might only be a few feet away, and be automatically routed to "linksys", which might be miles away, depending on the conditions and the antennas connected to the WRT-54.
For my next trick, I'm working on various power sources for the WRT routers, so that the repeater doesn't have to be connected to anything - it can be completely self-contained.
Friday, January 4, 2008
Happy Geek New Year
The holidays are a time for gadgets - at least for us geeks. This year has been a good one for gadgets.
The theme, as it has been recently, is wireless. The wireless world just gets more interesting all the time.
The first cool new gadget I've discovered lately is called "EyeFi". It's an amazing bit of technology: an 802.11 tranceiver, with antenna, embedded in a tiny SD RAM memory chip (the size of a postage stamp).
The idea is that you stick it in your digital camera, and consequently don't have to physically connect the camera to anything in order to get the pictures out of it.
I ordered one of these about a month ago and it works surprisingly well. The EyeFi folks have also cleverly added integration with online photo-sharing sites, like Flickr and Picasa. That means that once set up, all you have to do is turn the camera on within range of an available "partnered" wireless network, and the photos automatically appear on the web site of your choice. It's really, really cool. Check out their web site here.
The next super-cool gadget to appear this holiday season is the EEE PC. I think I heard about this very recently released sub-notebook by googling "linux laptop". It's a tiny contraption, about the size of a paperback book, but it's a fully-functional laptop, with a 900 mhz Celeron processor and a solid-state hard drive (SSHD). It comes in 3 flavors - all with the same processor and either a 2Gb, 4Gb, or 8Gb solid state drive.
Check out the main EEE PC web site, then go to the rapidly growing "EEE User Forums" to learn a lot more about it.
The best thing I like about this little gadget was the price: $349 for the 4Gb version I ordered. The next best thing about it is the operating system: a hacked version of Xandros Linux.
Before I bought the EEE PC, I was reading about the "One Laptop Per Child" project, because I am very interested in super-low-cost portable computers. I was thinking about obtaining the OLPC "XO" laptop to evaluate, which involved donating one to a needy child, then being allowed to purchase the second one - for $198 each. I was disappointed in that deal, however, because the OLPC had originally been described as the "$100 laptop". (That program has ended, although I have a feeling they will be doing it again.) I like some of the features of the OLPC machine, and was very interested in it for $100. But there are some interesting stories floating around how the OLPC organization, and particularly Nicholas Negroponte, have been trying to use intimidation and FUD to force other low-cost laptop manufacturers (including Asus, who make the EEE PC and Intel, who has a very interesting and serious project called the "Classmate PC", out of the market. An this is from what is supposely a charitable, non-profit project, devoted to putting a laptop into the hands of every child in the world. All this kind of makes me think that if I obtain an OLPC machine, it will be without making a "charitable" donation to Nicholas Negroponte and his project.
Anyway, the EEE PC rocks, and handily outperforms the OLPC. It comes with a pretty clever version of Xandros Linux. I had never used Xandros before, but it seems sensible and solid. The interface is clearly designed for children and casual users, however, with big shiny buttons labeled "Learn" and "Play" and lots of toys and games. I wanted the machine primarily as a highly portable network administration and auditing tool, however, and luckily some pretty clever hackers had the same idea: the excellent Backtrack Linux 3.0 distribution was shipped with drivers for the EEE PC right before Christmas. It took a little hacking to get Backtrack 3.0 installed and happy on the EEE's SSHD, but once running, it outperforms the stock Xandros distro.
So - armed with my hot new tiny-pc and various dongles, cables, and gizmos, I set out to do some gratuitous wireless hardware development... more on that in the next post.
Tuesday, January 1, 2008
Happy New Year!
Just arrived here from the late and probably not-terribly-lamented nosuchblog, which is officially gone (I just checked).
I don't have any substantial blogging to do today, but hopefully I'll have some actual content before long.
But anyway, Happy 2008!
I don't have any substantial blogging to do today, but hopefully I'll have some actual content before long.
But anyway, Happy 2008!
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